Altman Z″
Needs withheld for this sector: Built on manufacturers' working capital and asset turnover; a lender always looks distressed on it..
This is a lending business. Cash-flow reads that suit a manufacturer do not apply: disbursing loans is an operating outflow, so negative operating cash is normal and not a warning sign. Leverage is the raw material of the model, not a red flag on its own. Reads that would mislead here have been withheld rather than shown with a caveat.
A plain-language read of the business, how it actually earns, where the edge is, and the economics of every reported segment — taken from the annual report and investor presentation, not a one-line industry label.
Trading at 80.6x earnings against its own median of 84.2x: 0.1 standard deviations below its usual range. This compares the company with its own history, not with other companies.
How to read this: Price shows the closing price with its 50-day (amber) and 200-day (grey) averages; bars at the bottom are daily volume, green on up days and red on down days; dashed lines mark the 52-week high and low. vs Nifty 50 starts both at 100 so you can see which did better over the period. P/E shows what the market paid for each rupee of profit, inside the band it usually trades in. Drawdown shows how far below its best price the share has been. Hover anywhere for the numbers on that day.
The three to six things that actually matter about this company, each with the exact filing and note it came from — never a fact without the context that makes it meaningful.
Every score below is calculated here from the reported numbers — none of it is asserted. Open the notebook at the foot of the section to see each formula with this company's figures in it.
Needs withheld for this sector: Built on manufacturers' working capital and asset turnover; a lender always looks distressed on it..
Needs withheld for this sector: Five of its nine tests (cash flow, accruals, current ratio, leverage, asset turnover) mislead on a lending balance sheet..
Needs withheld for this sector: Its receivable, margin and accrual terms do not describe a lender's accounts..
Accruals are -7.4% of assets.
DuPont decomposition — Devised inside the DuPont Corporation in the 1920s and still the standard way to read a return on equity.
Splits return on equity into its three sources, so the same headline number can be traced to very different businesses.
How to read itA 20% ROE built on margin and turnover is a different proposition from a 20% ROE built on 3× leverage. The first survives a downturn; the second amplifies it.
Where it failsA single year. Negative equity makes it meaningless. Leverage is structural for lenders, so the third term carries no signal there.
cumulative operating cash flow ÷ cumulative net profit
₹4,560 cr ÷ ₹193 cr, over 6 years
23.63×
Above 1.0 means cash exceeds reported profit — the healthier reading.(net profit − operating cash flow) ÷ average total assets
(₹131 − ₹905) cr ÷ average assets
-7.4%
Negative means cash exceeded profit — the healthier reading. Positive above ~10% is where accruals start to dominate earnings.net margin × asset turnover × leverage
2.0% × 0.59 × 2.98
3.5%
Splits ROE into whether returns come from operations or from borrowing.borrowings ÷ net worth
₹250 cr ÷ ₹3,786 cr
0.07×
Read against the sector — infrastructure carries more than software.Needs more balance-sheet detail (only 3 of 6 flags testable).
NOPAT over equity plus debt less cash, at a notional 25% tax. Incremental ROIC is the return on money put in since then — the number that decides whether growth creates value or consumes it.
Return on invested capital, and incremental ROIC — Standard in corporate finance; the incremental form was popularised by Michael Mauboussin as the test of whether growth creates value.
ROIC measures what the business earns on all the capital it employs — equity plus debt, less cash. Incremental ROIC asks a sharper question: what has it earned on the money put in since a chosen year?
How to read itROIC comfortably above the cost of capital — call it 11–13% in India — means growth compounds. Below it, growth consumes. Incremental below headline means recent investment is earning less than the legacy business.
Where it failsDistorted in the year of a large acquisition. Understated for companies mid-build, where capital is deployed but capacity has not yet been commissioned — an incubator will look poor until it does not.
The growth rate that makes today's market value equal the discounted cash flows, at a 11.5% discount rate and 4.0% terminal growth. Not a forecast — the arithmetic of what is already in the price. Compare it with what the business has actually delivered.
Reverse DCF — the growth already in the price — A standard inversion of discounted cash flow, used to avoid the forecasting problem entirely.
Instead of forecasting cash flows and deriving a value, it takes today's market value as given and solves for the growth rate that would justify it. The output is not a view — it is the arithmetic of what the market is currently assuming.
How to read itCompare it with what the business has actually delivered. A price implying 30% a year against a decade of 15% is a demanding assumption; the reverse is a modest one.
Where it failsUseless when free cash flow is negative or unusually depressed, which is common mid-capex. Highly sensitive to the discount rate — a point either way moves the answer materially.
Against a policy rate near 6%, most sound Indian corporates borrow between 7% and 10%.
Cost of debt — Interest expense over average borrowings — the effective rate the company actually pays.
What the lenders charge, which is a market verdict on credit quality that no rating agency delay affects.
How to read itAgainst a policy rate near 6%, most sound Indian corporates borrow between 7% and 10%. Read the direction over years as much as the level.
Where it failsUnderstated where a large share of interest is capitalised into projects under construction. Not meaningful for lenders, where interest is cost of goods.
Some figures appear twice on this page with different values. That is not an error — they sit on different bases. The live feed reports a rolling twelve months; everything computed here comes from the last audited statements. Both are shown so you can see which is which.
Where the two disagree, every model, screen and ratio computed on this page uses the filed figure, because the rest of the page is on that basis.
Models that need these lines are withheld rather than estimated: net worth, current assets, current liabilities, trade receivables, inventory, net block. Nothing on this page is back-solved from a figure the company did not publish.
Each framework below is a set of stated, mechanical criteria from published work, run against this company's own filed numbers. Passing or failing a screen is not a verdict — different frameworks disagree by design, and that disagreement is itself informative.
Benjamin Graham's stated criteria for a defensive stock, applied to the filed numbers. A company failing several is not disqualified — Graham designed these to be deliberately strict.
Two ratios only: what the business earns on its capital, and what you pay for those earnings. Designed to be ranked across a universe rather than read in isolation.
The fundamental half of William O'Neil's framework. The market and leadership components are judgement calls and are not scored here.
The characteristics long-term holders commonly look for: cash-backed earnings, high returns on capital, and debt that never forces a decision.
Median of the companies we hold in the same sector (Financial Services). Every figure on both sides is the live feed's trailing twelve months, so the two are measured the same way whatever depth of extraction this company has had. A number only means something next to something else — expensive against the market and cheap against peers are different facts.
Bars are revenue; the line is net margin. Revenue rising while the line falls is the shape worth noticing.
Operating cash first, then what the business spent and raised.
One year is a snapshot. These are the two lines that matter across a cycle.
Rising debtor or inventory days against flat sales is the earliest visible sign of stress.
Set your own assumptions and watch the numbers move. A scenario calculator — the outputs are the arithmetic of your inputs.
One canonical set of figures — the same numbers used everywhere else on this page and on the screener.
How the register has moved over recent quarters — the direction matters more than the level.
Promoter held steady from 55.36% to 55.29% across these quarters.
FII rose from 10.31% to 12.95% across these quarters.
MF held steady from 9.31% to 9.19% across these quarters.
Other trimmed from 25.02% to 22.57% across these quarters.
| Metric | Q2 FY27 | Q1 FY27 | Q2 FY26 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solvency ratio (×) | 2.03 | 2.25 | 2.85 |
| Combined ratio | 93.2% | 93.55% | 96.62% |
| Loss ratio | 63.09% | 63.01% | 65.08% |
| Gross Written Premium (With 1/n) (₹ crore) | 2,484 | 2,150 | 1,843 |
| Gross Written Premium (Without 1/n) (₹ crore) | 2,698 | 2,306 | 2,108 |
| Retail Health GWP (With 1/n) (₹ crore) | 1,876 | 1,607 | 1,279 |
| Retail Health Market Share | 11% | — | 9.9% |
| Expense Ratio | 30.1% | 30.54% | 31.53% |
From the quarterly results and the earnings call, read by FinMinutes. Latest quarter, read in full.
Read using the Insurance framework (named in the filing read). Primary valuation lens: P/EV and VNB multiple (life); P/B against combined ratio (general).
Read more closely in this sector: Change in actuarial assumptions · Surrender and lapse trend · Reinsurance share.
The shape of the business over time (annual) — read the direction, not the single print.
| Line | FY2021 | FY2022 | FY2023 | FY2024 | FY2025 | FY2026 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue from operations | 1,413 | 1,877 | 2,853 | 4,115 | 5,374 | 6,695 |
| Other income | 0 | 281 | 374 | 224 | 155 | 2 |
| Depreciation | 22 | 27 | 32 | 29 | 25 | 36 |
| Finance cost | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Profit before tax | -50 | -197 | 13 | 82 | 214 | 127 |
| Net profit (owners) | -50 | -197 | 13 | 82 | 214 | 131 |
| EPS (₹) | — | — | — | — | 1.17 | 0.71 |
Exceptional items, total income and EBITDA are read from the filed statements.
| Metric | Dec 2023 | Mar 2024 | Jun 2024 | Sep 2024 | Dec 2024 | Mar 2025 | Jun 2025 | Sep 2025 | Dec 2025 | Mar 2026 | Jun 2026 | Sep 2026 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue | 1,026 | 1,316 | 1,124 | 1,321 | 1,258 | 1,671 | 1,932 | 2,049 | 1,611 | 2,251 | 2,471 | 2,572 |
| Other Income | 50 | 57 | 84 | 79 | 37 | -45 | 0 | 0 | 7 | -1 | 0 | -2 |
| Expenses | 1,071 | 1,215 | 1,228 | 1,387 | 1,282 | 1,420 | 1,834 | 1,967 | 1,705 | 2,069 | 2,287 | 2,389 |
| Depreciation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Finance cost | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Profit before tax | 5 | 157 | -19 | 13 | 13 | 206 | 98 | 82 | -88 | 181 | 184 | 182 |
| Net Profit | 5 | 157 | -19 | 13 | 13 | 206 | 71 | 61 | -88 | 159 | 138 | 136 |
| EPS | — | — | — | — | 0.07 | 1.13 | 0.39 | 0.33 | -0.47 | 0.86 | 0.75 | 0.73 |
| Item | FY2021 | FY2022 | FY2023 | FY2024 | FY2025 | FY2026 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity Capital | 1,350 | 1,409 | 1,511 | 1,700 | 1,827 | 1,847 |
| Reserves | -773 | -903 | -683 | 351 | 1,949 | 1,939 |
| Borrowings | 0 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 |
| Net block | 46 | 49 | 52 | 58 | 66 | 85 |
| CWIP | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 9 | 3 |
| Investments | 1,622 | 2,401 | 3,366 | 5,458 | 8,175 | 9,670 |
| Total Assets | 1,899 | 2,738 | 3,877 | 6,192 | 9,760 | 11,276 |
| Line | FY2021 | FY2022 | FY2023 | FY2024 | FY2025 | FY2026 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cash from operations | 257 | 338 | 593 | 813 | 1,654 | 905 |
| Cash from investing | -374 | -723 | -829 | -1,882 | -2,348 | -961 |
| Cash from financing | 280 | 374 | 280 | 1,110 | 771 | -5 |
| Free cash flow | 229 | 309 | 555 | 780 | 1,614 | 857 |
| Net change in cash | 164 | -12 | 43 | 41 | 78 | -62 |
Cash from operations is the number profit has to answer to. Free cash flow is what remains after the business pays for its own growth.
The part no one reads: the auditor's opinion, the contingent liabilities buried in the notes, the covenants, and the claims in the deck placed beside the figures that test them.
Where analysts pressed management on the earnings call, and exactly how management answered — the questions that were hardest to answer are usually the ones that matter.
The same read, applied to the companies this one competes with.
Niva Bupa Health Insurance Company Ltd. reported total income of ₹2,572 cr for July to September 2026, +25.5% on the year and +4.1% on the quarter. That is slower than this quarter has grown in recent years (+45.7% on average). It is the highest quarterly income in the last 12 quarters on record. Over the last four quarters income comes to ₹8,905 cr, +28.9% on the four before.
Net profit was ₹136 cr, +123.0% on the year and −1.4% on the quarter, with earnings per share of ₹0.73. The tax rate of 25% is in line with its recent average. Profit over the last four quarters totals ₹345 cr, −1.7% on the four before.
Insurers are read on premium growth and, for life insurers, the value of new business; accounting profit says little about one quarter.
An earlier period was restated. What was wrong with the first version?
Source: Filing
Could not run on this quarter: Exceptional items that recur, IPO money used as stated, Related-party transactions, Promoter pledges and allotments, Earlier promises against delivery, Asset quality (lenders), Net interest margin (lenders), Net interest income against profit (lenders). The filing did not carry these lines.
Net profit a year ago, each driver's change, and net profit now. Blue added profit, red took it away.
This quarter's filing carries a balance sheet and a cash flow statement. The cash, receivables and borrowing checks run once the filing read is in.
No emphasis of matter.
Filing p. limited review report p.1-2
IRDAI issued an order on August 19, 2026 warning the Company for exceeding EoM limits in FY 2024-25 and directing not to open new place of business for a period of six months. (p. note 6 p.75 / p.172)
Allotted 21,87,932 equity shares pursuant to exercise of employee stock options during the period ended September 30, 2026. (p. note 7 p.73 / p.170)
Tax: Tax expense of ₹45.89 crore comprises entirely deferred tax charge on Profit before tax of ₹181.53 crore for Q2 FY27
| Metric | Q2 FY27 | Q1 FY27 | Q2 FY26 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solvency ratio (×) | 2.03 | 2.25 | 2.85 |
| Combined ratio | 93.2% | 93.55% | 96.62% |
| Loss ratio | 63.09% | 63.01% | 65.08% |
| Gross Written Premium (With 1/n) (₹ crore) | 2,484 | 2,150 | 1,843 |
| Gross Written Premium (Without 1/n) (₹ crore) | 2,698 | 2,306 | 2,108 |
| Retail Health GWP (With 1/n) (₹ crore) | 1,876 | 1,607 | 1,279 |
| Retail Health Market Share | 11% | — | 9.9% |
| Expense Ratio | 30.1% | 30.54% | 31.53% |
Worked out from filed numbers. Gross Written Premium (With 1/n): Gross Written Premium on 1/n basis (₹2,48,405 lakhs converted to ₹ crore)
The Company implemented Ind AS 117 (Insurance Contracts) w.e.f. April 1, 2026, transitioning from previous GAAP and updating measurement models accordingly.
Ind AS 117 adoption introduces revised recognition, measurement, and presentation framework for insurance contracts.
Renewal rate for Retail Health Indemnity Products by value improved to 96.3% in H1 FY27 from 92.3% in H1 FY26 (and 95.6% in Q2 FY27).
Strong policy renewal rate indicates high customer retention and lower lapse rate.
Net expenses from reinsurance contracts stood at ₹38.11 crore in Q2 FY27 compared to ₹18.74 crore in Q2 FY26.
Reinsurance expense reflects ongoing risk transfer under PAA framework.
Read using the Insurance framework (named in the filing read). Primary valuation lens: P/EV and VNB multiple (life); P/B against combined ratio (general).
Read more closely in this sector: Change in actuarial assumptions · Surrender and lapse trend · Reinsurance share.
| Segment | Revenue | YoY | Result | YoY |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health | ₹2,375 cr | ▲ 27.9% | ₹126 cr | ▲ 135.8% |
| Personal Accident | ₹32.4 cr | ▼ 14.6% | ₹9.3 cr | ▼ 12.3% |
| Travel | ₹4.6 cr | ▲ 5.8% | ₹0.5 cr | — |
| Q3 FY24 | Q4 FY24 | Q1 FY25 | Q2 FY25 | Q3 FY25 | Q4 FY25 | Q1 FY26 | Q2 FY26 | Q3 FY26 | Q4 FY26 | Q1 FY27 | Q2 FY27 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total income | ₹1,026 cr | ₹1,316 cr | ₹1,124 cr | ₹1,321 cr | ₹1,258 cr | ₹1,671 cr | ₹1,932 cr | ₹2,049 cr | ₹1,611 cr | ₹2,251 cr | ₹2,471 cr | ₹2,572 cr |
| YoY | — | — | — | +36% | +23% | +27% | +72% | +55% | +28% | +35% | +28% | +26% |
| Exceptional items | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Tax rate | 0% | 0% | — | 0% | 0% | 0% | 27% | 26% | — | 12% | 25% | 25% |
| Net profit | ₹5.0 cr | ₹157 cr | −₹19.0 cr | ₹13.0 cr | ₹13.0 cr | ₹206 cr | ₹71.0 cr | ₹61.0 cr | −₹88.0 cr | ₹159 cr | ₹138 cr | ₹136 cr |
| YoY | — | — | — | — | +160% | +31% | — | +369% | −777% | −23% | +94% | +123% |
| EPS | — | — | — | — | ₹0.07 | ₹1.13 | ₹0.39 | ₹0.33 | −₹0.47 | ₹0.86 | ₹0.75 | ₹0.73 |
| Flags | · | · | · | · | · | · | · | · | 1 | · | · | 1 |
Each quarter is read with the same rules. Balance-sheet and cash checks run on half-year and annual quarters; filing-read checks run where a read exists.